A long leather bag was used to hold nokake (parched and powdered corn meal to be mixed with water and eaten. The parched corn bag was carried by America Indians men when they traveled. The parched corn was "put into a long leatherne bag, trussed at their backe like a knapsacke"(Wood: 1865). Meals of parched corn while traveling consisted of three spoonfuls, three times a day.
A tobacco pouch is called Petouwassinug by the Narragansett Indians of southern New England. In the 1600's American Indians men wore a tobacco pouch "which hangs at their necke, or sticks at their girdle, which is to them in stead of an English pocket" (Williams: 1973). In 1622 Massasoit, a Wampanoag Indian, wore a little bag of tobacco attached to "a great chain of white bone beads about his neck." (Heath: 1986) A separate pipe bag would be made and decorated to hold a smoking pipe, "for generally all the men throughout the Countrey have a Tobacco-bag, with a pipe in it, hanging at their back" (Williams: 1973)
In the 17th century in northern Virginia, every American Indian man carried a mineral stone, in a leather case at his wrist or in a woodchuck skin which hung from a belt with which he could quickly start a fire (Russell: 1980). In 1637, a strike-a-light pouch was fastened to a belt so the ability to start a fire was always at hand: "and with a girdle of their making, bound round about their middles, to which girdle is fastned a bagg, in which his instruments be, with which he can strike fire upon any occasion" (Morton: 1964). Beaded strike-a-light pouches, rectangular in shape, decorated with tinkling cones or fringe and having short flaps, were used through the 1800's by the Lakota Indians, Apache Indians, and other groups to carry a strike-a-light steel, a flint, matches and often ration coupons (Monture: 1993).
With European contact, most men carried powder horns and shot bags suspended by a wide strap from their shoulders, for use in both hunting and in preparation for war. Some shot bags were also called bandolier bags as they were often suspended from men's sashes worn over the shoulder, often accompanied by a black powder horn. With continued European contact and their production for trade, these bags were made from broadcloth and they acquired the name possibles bags, or Assumption bags, so named for their place of manufacture.
A sheath of leather and raw hide was often made for knives, awls, or other tools used by American Indian men and women. Women's awls were commonly made from the ulna (having the perfect built-in handle) or split long bone of a large mammal such as a deer. The awl is an essential multi-task tool, and woman traditionally wore the awl in a decorated case on a string around her neck or from her belt. In 1622, the European, Mourt takes notice of a leather sheath and a suspended leather knife sheath and a "great long knife", which Massasoit (a Wampanoag of the east coast), "had in his bosom, hanging in a string" (Heath: 1986). Indian women living in the Great Lakes region, and in other areas of the Northeast, wore knife sheaths suspended from a belt at their waist (Hartman: 1988).
Many kinds of beads and ornaments were used to decorate American Indians clothing and accessories. Europeans in New England in the 1600's described the applique of Indian made beads, pieces of whales' fins, whale bones, and wampum, sewn onto leather; though beaded clothing was traditionally 'bad to wear for everyday use'. In the Northeast, tufts of red dyed deer hair is inserted into metal tinkling cones and attached to bags. The 'jingle' dresses of Plains Indians, originating with historic tobacco lids, continues the tradition of tinkling cones today. In the Eastern Forests, pouches were traditionally decorated with embroidered dyed porcupine quills and white moose-hair embroidery, although these industries were not as common in the 1700's after the splint basket replaced birchbark containers, the traditional canvas for porcupine quills. As soon as they were available through trade with Europeans, glass beads, buttons, ribbons, thimbles and many other items were quickly adopted for ornaments by American Indians to decorate their clothing and bags.
Print this page
